Cards
1. In the taxation books, see Groeneveld, Tuma, and you will Hannan (1980), Alm and you will Whittington (1999, 1997, and 1995), Whittington and you may Alm (1997), Sjoquist and you will Walker (1995), Gelardi (1996). In the welfare books, come across Moffitt (1998) for an intensive survey.
2. An increasing books finds out one to taxation is actually synchronised on the time off occurrences and additionally birth (Dickert-Conlin and Chandra 1999), matrimony (Alm and Whittington 1997; Gelardi 1996), investment growth conclusion (Burman and you can Randolph 1994), and you may charitable efforts (Randolph 1995).
cuatro. There have been one.5 mil widowers, that have 275,000 involving the age of 55 and you will 64 (Lugaila 1998). First investigation on a sample of men is actually really noisy given such brief shot designs.
5. Almost every other literatures target that it efficiency style, although ple, there clearly was a keen implicit subsidy to possess postponing bottom line out-of financial support progress in the way of deferred taxation, causing traders in order to sidestep more successful expenditures and you may causing overall performance losses (pick Auerbach 1992, eg). The storyline was analogous getting matrimony conclusion.
eight. This new Public Protection Management exercises a person’s PIA according to the person’s mediocre earnings during the Societal Shelter covered employment.
8. Of these produced in advance of 1940, the latest NRA getting widow(er) advantages was years 65. Getting after birth cohorts, the fresh NRA is slowly ascending so you’re able to years 67.
9. Technically, regarding a social Safety direction, an excellent widow achieves decades 60 “the first moment” throughout the day prior to her 60th birthday celebration.
10. You to definitely high implication in the laws would be the fact a widow could remarry at any time prior to ages sixty, legally divorce within decades 59 decades and you will 364 weeks, and you will ree person) on her behalf 60th birthday in the place of dropping eligibility for widow professionals. We do not feel the compatible studies to look at this type away from decisions.
12. Without a doubt, this isn’t likely both guys will have the same PIA s, however, we possibly may assume the initial and you will second husband to be of comparable socioeconomic backgrounds which means keeps about comparable earnings and you will PIA s. The typical PIA of men retiring in 1998 was about $step 1,000 ( You.S. Social Safety Government 1999).
thirteen. It assumes a month-to-month interest rate regarding 0.25 percent. On a yearly base, this is certainly close to the 3 % genuine price of get back that the Social Safety Believe Finance try estimated to earn (Board away from Trustees 1999). Inside analogy, i imagine a widow get a fixed dollar count to own a given chronilogical age of weeks. The truth is, Societal Coverage pros and you may PIA s is modified getting rising prices over big date. In the current value computations, i utilize the repaired money numbers given that i have fun with a bona-fide interest towards the discounting.
14. For people produced just after 1928, forty “quarters” from operate in Personal Safety secure a position are necessary having completely insured reputation. For those produced when you look at the otherwise prior to 1928, the amount of requisite quarters is quicker. Find U.S. Public Coverage Management (1999) for much more info.
15. Which guidelines also greeting a little recipient category, handicapped widow(er) s and you may handicapped surviving divorced spouses, aged fifty or elderly, to help you remarry without loss of experts.
I simply include former child-in-care widows that have not reestablished entitlement into really works details of the deceased husbands
17. We mark studies away from Social Cover records removed from inside the July of 1998 and you may exclude ladies who had been totally insured in their own best. Here is the reason for the denial these women remarried prior to many years sixty. Which is, when they had remarried just after age 60, we expect which they is getting widow benefits in lieu of partner masters due https://brightwomen.net/ to the fact widow pros were higher. In the event partner masters was indeed apparently high, we predict which they might have claimed widow experts in the ages 60 so you can 62 (age whenever lover positives can not be reported).